Growth And Development Of Personality Psychology - 1208 Words

Corissa Beairsto Personality Psychology 321 09/1/2014 Growth and Development in Personality Psychology With the growing research in Psychology, we find the question, â€Å"how did we get this way,† more common in development across the lifespan. (Cervone Parvin, 2013) Personality theorists are looking more at this question, pushing to understand personality development even more. Two main challenges are faced while studying personality development; the patterns of development consistent with what most people experience and the developmental factors which contribute to each individual person. (Cervone Parvin, 2013) Here we look at the latter of the two; what environmental experiences and genetic determinants contribute to who you are? But also, will siblings have similar personalities based off those environmental and genetics factors that contribute to personality. In the classic â€Å"nature vs. nurture† theory, both the environment and genetics play a role in the person you will become, including your personality. Nature refers to the biological factors we inherit through our genetics and Nurture refers to the family and societal influences which both may reflect your personality. (Cervone Parvin, 2013) But, which specific factors are influential to our personality and sibling differences? Genetics plays a strong role in individual differences between people. Take the classic example of a child’s temperament, emotional and behavioral tendencies during childhood, where theseShow MoreRelatedPsychology : The Positive Psychology Movement1269 Words   |  6 Pagesthe most recent branches of psychology to emerge is the positive psychology movement. Based on the text, positive psychology is one of the most important aspects in determining how to enhance the personality by helping individuals recognize their human potential to learn and achieve. In this assignment one will compare the view points of Maslow, Rogers, and the positive psychology movement concerning individual personality. Recent studies have shown that personality theory and assessment plays anRead MoreLifespan Development1516 Words   |  7 PagesLifespan Development and Personality Luis Cervantes PSY/103 January 11, 2016 Susanne Nishino Lifespan Development and Personality Developmental psychology is the study of how human beings age and transform throughout the eight major stages of life. This paper will focus on the physical, cognitive, social, moral, and personality development of individuals found in stage two, (early childhood 1-6 year olds). Through exploring, and examining the countless influences that affect their growth developmentRead MoreDeterminants of Intelligence Test Scores961 Words   |  4 Pagesphysical growth, but is a part of growth and development. A situation a person must deal with at a young age prepares them for the next and so on into adulthood. Maturation does not stop when physical growth ends - it continues through adulthood. An adult who loses a parent, for instance, learns to cope with a new emotional situation that will affect the way he or she deals with situations that follow. physical factor   A factor in the  a biotic  environment that influences the growth and developmentRead MorePsychology Is The Scientific Study Of The Mind And Behavior986 Words   |  4 PagesA Look into Psychology Psychology is known to be the scientific study of the human’s mind and behavior. Psychology is not the study of extraordinary mind activity like paranormal, extrasensory perception (ESP), astrology, nor phrenology. Psychology is theoretically constructed and uses a standard scientific process to discover evidences of that human’s behavior. Psychology also allows an individual to give special assistance to a specific group of children who could have a difficult time in schoolRead MoreEssay on Annotated Bibliography: Leadership1362 Words   |  6 PagesBibliography Lilienfeld, S. O., Waldman, I. D., Landfield, K., Watts, A. L., Rubenzer, S., Faschingbauer, T. R. (2012). Fearless dominance and the U.S. presidency: Implications of psychopathic personality traits for successful and unsuccessful political leadership.  Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,  103(3), 489 -505. http://library.gcu.edu:2048/login?url=http://search.ebscohost.com.library.gcu.edu:2048/login.aspx?direct=truedb=pdhAN=2012-19403-001site=eds-livescope=site In this articleRead MorePersonality Theory : Existential Personality Theories And Humanistic Theories Have Changed Focus On Psychological Perspectives Essay1275 Words   |  6 PagesPersonality Analysis Theories on existential personality theories and Humanistic theories have changed focus on psychological viewpoints because of the behavior of individuals. Now Carl Rogers’s person-center theory and Rollo May’s existential psychology focuses more on what many would call present and future experiences of the individual rather than the past because people mental states can change from one month to the next. Psychological health can be emphasized in how a person maintains theirRead MoreStability vs Change859 Words   |  4 PagesResolution 3: Be it resolved that development is characterized by stability rather than change. Introduction * What is development? Herr (2008) posits that development refers to change or growth that occurs in children. * ‘The issue of stability versus change relates to whether or not personality traits during infancy endure in children throughout their Life Span’ (Education.com, 2013). * What is personality? Research shows that personality encompasses a number of characteristicsRead MoreDevelopmental Psychology And Personality Psychology1050 Words   |  5 Pages Development Psychology There are many specialty areas that are available to individuals seeking a career in the diverse field of psychology. Most Psychologists choose to specialize in sub-fields that focus on specific subjects. Obtaining a profession in many of the specialty areas would require graduate study in that area of interest. Some professionals have a broad knowledge, are skilled in several areas, and work with a range of clients. Some are specialist in treating a specific type of psychologicalRead MoreThe Orientation Of Individual And Adlerian Psychology889 Words   |  4 Pagesthe Society for Individual Psychology. Individual psychology is more concerned with the whole person who has social, purposeful, and developmental determinants (p. 171). In this paper, I will introduce the theorical orientation of individual or Adlerian psychology. This paper will discuss how individual psychology understands human development, the role of cultural factors, the etiology of pathological symptoms/problem a reas, and the role of treatment. Human Development According to Frager andRead MoreAnalysis Of The Book Mcadams 1154 Words   |  5 Pagesbehavior. This article integrates recent theories and researchers of life stories as illustrated the investigation of self-understanding, personal memory, personality structure and change, and the relations between the personal lives and cultural. The article provides a numerous of psychologist stories and the contributions they have made in the psychology fields. McAdams, 1985 has argued that personal life takes form of a story, in which involve the environment, character, setting and the theme. He

Essay on Oedipus and Hamlet - 1424 Words

Efthimios Mariakakis Professor Mihailovic 5-14-01 Though Shakespeares Hamlet and Sophocles Oedipus the King were written in two different eras, echoes of the latter can be found in the former. The common theme of Hamlet and Oedipus the King is regicide. Also, like in Oedipus the King, there is a direct relationship between the state of the state and the state of their kings. Furthermore, there is also a relationship between Oedipus armed entrance into the bedroom in which Jocasta hanged herself, and Hamlets confrontation of Gertrude in her bedroom. Both plays share the emphasis on a tragic irony in the chain of events that lead up to ritual of catharsis, but the plot of Hamlet makes a much more complicated character than†¦show more content†¦You are the murderer, you are the unholy defilement of this land(Knox, 23). Tiresias goes on to say I say that without knowing it you are living in shameful intimacy with your nearest and dearest. You do not see the evil in which you live (Knox, 25). Mariakakis 3 The other majo r ingredient of the tragic equation, the purging emotion, is worked out by Sophocles. The hubris of Oedipus is demolished when he confides in Jocasta concerning the predictions of the seer Tiresias; she tells him the story of the murder of Laius, and as she speaks, Oedipus comes to recognize the scene and circumstances of the regicide as being the same as those encountered on the road to Thebes. The full hypothesis of his doings come to him and he cries out to Jocasta, Oh, it is all clear as daylight now (Knox, 54). However, when he faces the shepherd who had found the child Oedipus, and who now reveals that the child was the same infant who was cast out to the wolves by Laius; Laius had feared the fulfillment of a prophecy that he would die by his own sons hands, and Oedipus now sees that the prophecy has indeed come true, for he has killed his own father and committed incest with his mother. He then blinds himself, as if to acknowledge the charge of the blind seer Tiresias that h e was blind in his pride. Oh God! It has all come true. Light, let this be the last time I see you. I stand revealedShow MoreRelatedHamlet vs. Oedipus1493 Words   |  6 PagesHamlet vs Oedipus Hamlet by William Shakespeare and Oedipus the King by Sophocles are both tragic stories which contain many elements of which are similar and different. Although both Hamlet and Oedipus suffer from fate, Hamlet’s father is murdered by his brother Claudius, while Oedipus kills his own father. Both Hamlet and Oedipus have the opportunity to shun their fate, but the two men believe themselves to be the only individual who can resolve the predicament which they are faced with. TheRead MoreHamlet And Oedipus The King1668 Words   |  7 Pagesgood, but end up causing their own death. Sophocles’ â€Å"Oedipus the King† tells the life of a king named Oedipus who is trying to solve the murder case of the former king. A similar plotline is seen in Shakespeare’s â€Å"Hamlet†, where Hamlet tries to uncover who killed his father, who was also the king before his untimely death. Both characters set out to do something good, but create many problems and ultim ately find themselves corrupted. Oedipus’ initial introduction presents the character as a well-roundedRead MoreHamlet And Oedipus The King1544 Words   |  7 Pagesliterature, Hamlet and Oedipus the King. Oedipus the King was written by Sophocles and Hamlet was one of the famous dramas of Shakespeare. There were some similarities and several differences between the two tragedies. Although the plays were both set in different time periods, they had similar themes about fate and free will. Their plots were also analogous. However, the two main character had a major vital difference that Hamlet is a tragedy of inaction and Oedipus is a tragedy of action. Hamlet and OedipusRead MoreHamlet and the Oedipus Complex1537 Words   |  7 PagesWilliam Shakespeare’s Hamlet is a play about indecision, apprehension, and inner turmoil. Hamlet, the main protagonist, struggles within himself, attempting to muster the courage to avenge his father’s death by the hand of the current King, Claudius, who is also his late father’s brother. There seem to be many possible reasons for Hamlet’s delay in doing so. However, the one theory that answers all the questions is that Hamlet was possessed by his own Oedipus Complex , that is, he was deeply in loveRead MoreComparing Hamlet And Oedipus The King1263 Words   |  6 PagesShakespeare’s Hamlet, and Sophocles, Oedipus the King, both of the main characters conform to the same classic tragic hero formula. Oedipus suffers a life based on a pre†birth prophecy, whereas Hamlet finds himself burdened with the task of avenging his father’s death. In both situations , two kings must leave their innocence behind as the truth leads them first, to enlightenment and then to their downfall. They battle between the light, the truth and the darkness, the lie. Both Hamlet and Oedipus are similarRead MoreOedipus Complex in Hamlet Essay805 Words   |  4 PagesOedipus Complex in Hamlet In Shakespeare’s Hamlet, Hamlet’s personality can be explained by the Oedipus Complex. Throughout the play there are many times where he proves that he has Oedipus Complex. Oedipus Complex was not around at the time that that Hamlet was written. It just shows that Shakespeare saw the same personality complex’ as Freud. Freud first named the Oedipus Complex Theory in his book , An Interpretation of Dreams, in 1899. Freud states The child takes both of its parents,Read More Hamlet and the Oedipus Complex Essay1229 Words   |  5 PagesHamlet and the Oedipus Complex  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚   William Shakespeares play Hamlet contains very similar elements to Sophocles Greek Myth, Oedipus Rex. In the late 1800s through early 1900s, a Doctor based out of Vienna, named Sigmund Freud, developed a theory based on the events of the play Oedipus Rex, which has since been coined the Oedipus Complex.   Ernest Jones also applied his knowledge of Freudian psychology and wrote a persuasive paper suggesting that Hamlet cannot kill his uncle Claudius becauseRead MoreHamlet vs. Oedipus Essay898 Words   |  4 PagesCharacter Analysis of Prince Hamlet in Hamlet by William Shakespeare and Oedipus in Oedipus King by Sophocles In Aristotles literary discourse, Poetics, he discusses his theory of tragedy, wherein he introduces the concepts of tragic flaw or hamartia, which serves as the catalyst for the protagonists downfall or the tragedy of the story to happen. He determines a tragedy as a drama that brings about a sorrowful conclusion, arousing fear and pity in the audience (Roberts and JacobsRead More Comparison of Oedipus and Hamlet Essay1322 Words   |  6 PagesComparison of Oedipus and Hamlet Compare and contrast Oedipus and Hamlet. Is Oedipus more a man of action? Or is he more a man driven by whim and sudden, rash decisions? Which character is more selfless? Does Hamlet show any signs of selfish motives in his actions or inactions? Which protagonist seems more learned? wiser? more religious? more loving? more incestuous? Which seems to be a better murder investigator? Does Oedipus have any of Claudius motives when he kills the king, Laius? ThenRead More Hamlet and the Oedipus Complex Essay1218 Words   |  5 PagesHamlet and the Oedipus Complex Hamlet is the typical kind of son almost every father and mother would want: intelligent, loving, caring, strong and loyal. Yet, some scholars believe that he is just another emotional character, defying our eyes to think that his acts are innocent, when his real purpose is to take his mother for himself. This gives scholars, like Ernest Jones, the impression that Hamlet’s actions were encouraged by an Oedipus complex, characterized by feelings of intense

Analysis of Tasting Arizona Case Study †Free Samples to Students

Question: Discuss about the Analysis of Tasting Arizona Case Study. Answer: Introduction The report will be based on the analysis of case study related to Tasting Arizona which is a consortium related to tourism, indigenous, education, farming, non-government, festival, community and the food organizations which aim towards providing local flavour to the customers in the Arizona area. The belief of the organization is related to the desire of the consumers for local flavour and Tasting Arizona has identified the food products which represent the feel and taste of Arizona (Altieri 2018). The innovative approach of the organization related to the importance given to the local food products and the traditional activities related to farming. The various activities that are undertaken by Tasting Arizona for the revival of the local food related items of the area and providing them to the consumers. The extend of the revival of the local food products can enable the organization to provide local flavours to visitors and further preserving the local practices related to farming . Arizona is an US state in south-western region of the country. This is also a major part of the Mountain and the Western states. This city is considered to be the sixth largest city and the it holds the 14th position in terms of population among the 50 US states. The tourism department of the city has taken many steps related to sustainability in the heritage, culture and the environment of the region along with the promotion of economic growth (Davies, Fahy and Rau 2014). The tourism office of Arizona has partnered with the National Geographic so that the state-wide destinations and the organizations which promote the unique culture of Arizona can be designated as Arizona Origins. Sustainable Arizona is the process related to the collaboration of the communities, social groups and the businesses which aims at engaging the leaders in the economic development and further achieving sustainable development. The case study is mainly based on the steps that are taken by Tasting Arizona to provide the local products of the city to the consumers. The other benefits related to the steps taken by Tasting Arizona include, the ways of preserving the traditional practices related to farming, conserving the areas for the wildlife, keeping the food pure, educating the youth and maintaining the agricultural diversity (Epstein and Buhovac 2014). The workshops organized by the Centre for Sustainable Environments or CSE is related to the formation of Tasting Arizona. CSE is sustainability group which focusses mainly on the reduction of the impacts food production, processing and transport on the biodiversity and environment. The organization undertakes research related to the adoption of the sustainable practices for the production of food. Initiatives taken by the organization related to sustainable hospitality Social initiatives - The initiatives that have been taken by Tasting Arizona are related to the production of food products with the help of traditional methods of farming. They believe that the traditional foods are good for the people and the visitors of Arizona. The traditional foods are able to provide health related benefits which were unknown to the people previously. Environmental initiatives - The organization has developed the concept of food miles for the purpose of addressing the concerns related to emission of greenhouse gases, environmental degradation and global warming. The food miles are related to the distance that is travelled by the food products to reach the end consumers (Ghai and Vivian 2014). Economic initiatives - The organization has therefore taken initiatives to provide locally grown foods to the visitors of the city. The innovative steps taken by Tasting Arizona are related to the growth of ecological and cultural awareness of the people and the partner agencies. The most significant step taken by the organization is the revival of the wild and traditional foods and creating a food network. The market of local farmers was brought back and this enabled a celebration of the local foods. The youth of the area has been engaged in the farming the community gardens which has variety of local produce. The engagement of the visitors and the residents of the area in revival of the network of local food products is another major initiative taken by the organization (Gotschol, De Giovanni and Vinzi 2014). The food products of the local farmers have grown in popularity and they are able to provide a venue for the small-scale producers related to meeting with the residents and the visitors and celebrate the seasonal harvest. The revival of the historic and local foods has engaged the local communities and the visitors for the purpose of growing a network which supports food systems that are sustainable in nature. The demand of the local food products has also increased with the help of engagement of the youth in the formation of the farming community (Jankowska 2014). The results of the initiatives taken by Tasting Arizona are measured with the help of analysis of increase in the number of members in the various communities that are formed by CSA or Community supported agriculture. The increase in the number of visitors in the city and the relationships developed with the local farmers is another way of measuring the results of the initiatives (Montabon, Pagell and Wu 2016). The innovation related initiatives taken by the organization had to face many challenges related to the increase in the pressure from the larger producers and the customers. The limitations related to the production scale prevent wild and traditional food producers from supplying products continuously. The expansion of the urban areas has also led to the decline of ranches and the family farms. The initiatives can help in the long-term sustainability of the organization if the collaborative network can be built in an effective manner. The traditional food producers are able to attract the community and the youth groups. This is the major reason behind the effectivity of the initiatives that are taken by the organization (Wezel et al. 2014). Conclusion The report can be concluded by stating that the local food producing related initiatives that are taken by the consortium named by Tasting Arizona is effective in attracting the visitors and the local people towards the production traditional and wild food products. The reduction of the impact of food production on the environment is the major aim behind the initiatives taken by the organization. The creation of collaborative network is important for the successful production and the distribution of the food products. The link between the non-profit, tourism, education, community, non-profit agencies is important for the purpose of successful food production. References Altieri, M.A., 2018.Agroecology: the science of sustainable agriculture. CRC Press. Davies, A.R., Fahy, F. and Rau, H. eds., 2014.Challenging consumption: Pathways to a more sustainable future. Routledge. Epstein, M.J. and Buhovac, A.R., 2014.Making sustainability work: Best practices in managing and measuring corporate social, environmental, and economic impacts. Berrett-Koehler Publishers. Ghai, D. and Vivian, J.M., 2014.Grassroots environmental action: people's participation in sustainable development. Routledge. Gotschol, A., De Giovanni, P. and Vinzi, V.E., 2014. Is environmental management an economically sustainable business?.Journal of environmental management,144, pp.73-82. Jankowska, M.A., 2014. Practicing sustainable environmental solutions: A call for green policy in academic libraries.Against the Grain,22(6), p.12. Mrtensson, K. and Westerberg, K., 2016. Corporate environmental strategies towards sustainable development.Business Strategy and the Environment,25(1), pp.1-9. Montabon, F., Pagell, M. and Wu, Z., 2016. Making sustainability sustainable.Journal of Supply Chain Management,52(2), pp.11-27. Wezel, A., Casagrande, M., Celette, F., Vian, J.F., Ferrer, A. and Peign, J., 2014. Agroecological practices for sustainable agriculture. A review.Agronomy for sustainable development,34(1), pp.1-20. Please Note - The references in red are academic references and the ones in blue are non-academic.

The Crucible Revenge Essay Example For Students

The Crucible Revenge Essay Revenge plays a major role in the story, â€Å"The Crucible. † Due to the social structures of society and the confusion that existed upon the townspeople, because of the dancing in the forest by the teenage girls that lived in town, it was very easy for the townspeople to believe that witchery was the cause for all of this confusion. Suspicion arose among the towns’ people to blame each other for these happenings. The doors now opened for all of the towns’ people to express their hatred toward their neighbors that they couldn’t express before due to a stricter society, this lead for many people to seek revenge against society, enemies and also neighbors. Revenge was placed upon society because in Puritan society the role of the child was to be quiet and to stay out of the way. We will write a custom essay on The Crucible Revenge specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Girls of that age were given little or even no freedom to act like children. The girls were expected to walk straight, arms by their sides, eyes slightly down cast, and their mouths were to be kept shut unless otherwise asked to speak. It is not surprising that the girls tried to get revenge against society because of the type of lifestyles that they lived. To get revenge against society the girls played games like dancing in the woods, and listening to slaves’ stories and pretending that other villagers were bewitching them. The girls set off everything in the story because of the pranks and games that they played as they indirectly were getting revenge on society and what kind of lifestyles they lived. Revenge was placed upon enemies in this story when Abigail Williams tries to get revenge on Elizabeth Proctor. John Proctor, one of the towns people and husband of Elizabeth Proctor, was having an affair with Abigail Williams, one of the girls who danced in the woods on that night. Abigail Williams would tell John Proctor that she loved him and that he loves her also. When Abigail was in court one day she make a puppet or doll for Elizabeth Proctor. It turns out that Abigail Williams had stuck a pin or needle in the doll before she gave it to Elizabeth Proctor. Abigail put the needle there on purpose, hoping something would happen to Elizabeth. Elizabeth found the needle before the needle found her and accused Abigail for doing that on purpose. Through this situation it is known that Abigail was trying to get revenge on Elizabeth Proctor for marrying John Proctor, because she is in love with John and feels that she has to get revenge on Elizabeth Proctor just for marrying John Proctor. Revenge was placed upon neighbors in this story in the way that Thomas Putnam feels he must get revenge on Goody Nurse. He feel this was because all of Goodie’s land was sold to Giles but was supposed to be given to himself, Thomas Putnam. Putnam believes that he must have more land that Giles and is determined to get revenge and also to get more land. Thomas Putnam goes about doing this by telling his daughter to accuse George Jacobs of witchery so that he would be hung and so that he would forfeit his land. This happens, and the only one that was able to purchase the property was Thomas Putnam. Thomas Putnam was so concerned about his land that he killed his neighbors for their land. In closing, the situations that existed because of the social structure of society lead many people to choose the easy path, accusing everyone of witchcraft. .u394f178615968fcf711b015495b9df42 , .u394f178615968fcf711b015495b9df42 .postImageUrl , .u394f178615968fcf711b015495b9df42 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u394f178615968fcf711b015495b9df42 , .u394f178615968fcf711b015495b9df42:hover , .u394f178615968fcf711b015495b9df42:visited , .u394f178615968fcf711b015495b9df42:active { border:0!important; } .u394f178615968fcf711b015495b9df42 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u394f178615968fcf711b015495b9df42 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u394f178615968fcf711b015495b9df42:active , .u394f178615968fcf711b015495b9df42:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u394f178615968fcf711b015495b9df42 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u394f178615968fcf711b015495b9df42 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u394f178615968fcf711b015495b9df42 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u394f178615968fcf711b015495b9df42 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u394f178615968fcf711b015495b9df42:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u394f178615968fcf711b015495b9df42 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u394f178615968fcf711b015495b9df42 .u394f178615968fcf711b015495b9df42-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u394f178615968fcf711b015495b9df42:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Dating Violence Essay After everything opens up and anger throughout the whole town arises. People thought that they needed to get revenge on society and certain people whether friends, enemies, or just neighbors.

Top Tools To Get Started In Freelance Writing

Top Tools To Get Started In Freelance Writing Top Tools To Get Started In Freelance Writing Top Tools To Get Started In Freelance Writing By Colin Any freelance writer starting out these days could be forgiven for thinking all that’s required is a laptop with Internet access, and a telephone. But there’s more to think of; hidden extras which will be needed somewhere along the line if a serious attempt is to be made. Here’s a list of the most important things every freelance writer should consider when first starting out. Word Processor This is perhaps so obvious, that some might say it ranks as extreme stupidity to even mention it. However, you will definitely, without question, need a word processor of some description. Fiction writers can get away with a dedicated word processor to work on, but if you are serious about making your way in the freelance writing business, you really need a PC or laptop that can connect to the Internet. So much business is done over the Internet these days, that not only is it the future, the future’s been here for a while. Internet Access You’ll need Internet access for several reasons: Research: the first port of call for many freelancers when undertaking research is the Internet but it shouldn’t be the only one. A good freelancer will use the Internet as a foundation to build on, before talking to people, visiting libraries, and cross-checking with sources. Email: call it a curse, call it the greatest innovation in communication since two cups and a piece of string, email is here to stay. You’ll need it for applying for jobs, sending queries, receiving queries, sending in submissions in fact, just about everything. Staying current: being able to read newspapers, magazines, journals, industry reports, articles, forums, or just to see what your peers are doing, can all be done over the Internet. Advertise: whether through blogs, websites, or portals, your services can be advertised effectively over the Internet, but only if you can access it and respond quickly. Restock: being able to order supplies for your home business over the Internet can save you time, money, and a lot of hassle. Website Should you have one? Why do you need one? Will it do any good? To answer all of these questions think about it this way: if you don’t have one, will you be able to compete successfully with everyone else who does? A website is relatively inexpensive to set up and maintain, and although they may seem a distraction when first setting out, having a website speaks volumes for the level of seriousness a writer has of himself. It is also a great tool for supporting your pitches, and allowing your clients, potential or otherwise, to get to know you. Printer Despite what I said earlier concerning email and the future of electronic communication, there will always be a place in the world for paper. Some writers use their printer for printing work to proofread, but the main use as a freelance writer is for business correspondence, and invoices. If you have a modern PC or laptop, but have a small working environment, it might be a good investment to go for a wireless printer so you can hide it away, and then access it only when you need to. Dedicated Area Having a regular place to work has been known to increase productivity and allow for better creativity. It needn’t be a dedicated office with desk and chair, or kitted out with all the latest mod-cons, it could be the corner of a living room, at the end of the bed, or on the kitchen table. Wherever you choose, it should be comfortable and conducive to producing quality work. As you move forward with your career, you will likely find that an office becomes more desirable. Finding a suitable area with more professional amenities will become more important as you grow. Telephone and Fax Most freelance writers have a telephone. It’s kind of assumed. Some use their home phone, some have a dedicated line installed into a home office, others use their mobile, and a few have branched out with Internet technology such as Skype. Fax, however, is often neglected as being old fashioned and therefore not required. Not so. It’s a good idea to have a fax connection because many businesses still rely heavily on it to do business. The beauty is that you don’t need a bulky machine sitting near you to receive faxes any longer, as a simple piece of software and an Internet connection is all you need. CD/DVD Writer Invaluable for backing up everything concerned with the running of your home-based freelance writing business. This can include everything from PC data and applications, to article ideas and company accounts. You might even use it for listening to a CD when you need to relax. PC Maintenance Software Keeping your PC hardware, software, and peripherals in fighting shape is vital to prevent your PC falling foul to outside interference, and to make sure it is working as quickly and reliably as it possibly can. By using anti-virus tools, malware and adware removal products, disk cleaners and defragmenters, and a good firewall product, you can keep your PC running smoothly and safely so you can worry less about it, and more about your next deadline. Accounts Software At some point along the line you’re going to need a method of tracking your expenses, income, and dreaded tax return. In the beginning, a spreadsheet might suffice, but eventually you’re going to have to think bigger and get yourself a dedicated accounts package. It doesn’t have to be anything fancy or complicated, just enough to be able to record what’s going in, out, and when. Business Material Finally, to be taken seriously, and to help you start â€Å"thinking† like a writer, some of the following might also be useful: Letterhead Invoice template Business card Rate card Contract Clippings Notice: Due to popular request we have finally released our Freelance Writing Course. Come check it out if you want to get started freelance writing online. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Freelance Writing category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:How to Punctuate Descriptions of ColorsTypes of Ignorance

Amalgamate Essays - Nudity, Art Genres, Mermaid, Nereids, Grotesque

Amalgamate Essays - Nudity, Art Genres, Mermaid, Nereids, Grotesque Amalgamate Misericordia University Amalgamate Introduction I have chosen to open an art exhibit titled Amalgamate. The definition of the word Amalgamate is to combine or united which is what all the pieces will accomplish in one fashion or another. The room would have grey walls and a muted color floor with each piece having its own beautifully angled light to highlight the piece by itself. Every piece in the exhibit will merge items in one way or another or in one form or another and become part of the grotesque by the definition that Connelly as given as Images gathered under the grotesque rubric include those that combine unlike things in order to challenge established realities, or construct new ones; those that deform or decompose things; and those that are metamorphic (Connelly, 2003) Mermaid Hunt The first piece to be viewed would be a piece named Mermaid Hunt by Tom Lockwood. Upon first glance the piece has majestic and beautiful colors until one examines the piece further to then notice that the mermaids are hunting humans just as humans used to hunt them. At the bottom right hand of the piece it shows skulls on a pedestal with a mermaid dropping another on the top of it. The color palette uses bright blues with hints of gold and green on the main mermaid at the center of the art. There are two mermaids in the background staggered on either side of the main mermaid. The colors on each of these women in the background are more muted than and not as bright as other aspects of the painting. Upon close inspection you notice the numerous different types of sharks circling the mermaids as if they are helping in the hunt of main because just like the mermaids they have been hunted and they are both attempting to enact revenge on the humans. The piece is grotesques because it not only merges reality into the mystical but it also merges the body of a human with t he tail of a fish. A mermaid is a merging of two souls to become one. It combines two unlikely things and forms them into one (Connelly 2003). The artist deforms two beings combining them into an unrealistic form that cause the mind to question the possibilities of such a creature. Another aspect that causes it to be grotesque is the protrusion of death into the piece. The skulls and even the title of the art imply and show the death of humans by having the skulls in the forefront of the piece and not in the background as in other pieces and by naming the piece the Mermaid Hunt. Melody of Demise Melody of Demise by Linda Bergkvist is the second painting which is in the exhibit. At first sight the picture appears dark and centered around death. There are multiple points that make this artwork fall into the grotesque. The dress of the lady is decomposing as it appears to have tears and worn areas at the bottom. The harp has strings that have broken and no longer function as part of the instrument. The main focus of the piece is the misty form of a previous man. The man and woman appear to have been lovers separated by death but are merging in soul through the music. They are in a destroyed and dilapidated graveyard that shows the hands of souls reaching for the sky. Most of these aspects of the painting push the boundaries of reality and cross over into the unproven mystical side of death. The overall color palette of the piece is dark with many blended and misty looking lines such as in her hair and the ghost himself appears totally misty lacking any lines that would be crisp . Overall I find this painting to have a soft effect with no harsh visual aspects. Centaur Warrior Stage 4 The digital art Centaur Warrior Stage 4 is produced by Michael Anthony Gonzales and is a modern form of art that came with the digital age. The piece is another form of the merging of souls. The combining of half human half beast ends in this fiercely grotesque image. It looks as if she is fighting to the end as she

Use of force including terrorism Research Paper

Use of force including terrorism - Research Paper Example Terrorist activities include weapons that can achieve all the works that are targeted towards the people. Terrorism is found to the strategy that is adopted by the weaker group to form a conflict and gain what they desire.Being an asymmetric manner of use of force, it involves coercive power with all the benefits of military force given at a meager cost. Terrorist groups are of secretive nature and of relatively low strength. This makes it difficult for their opponents to defend them. Opponents of all terrorist groups struggle and fail to develop a working strategy against them. They cannot often locate the group and cannot therefore fight against them. Terrorists work on a strong motivation which cannot be taken off from their mind by any force. This motivation makes them use force; perform violence and bloodshed without any hesitation. Terrorism is also an effective way to use force and make a conflict as the adversaries often fail to understand the nature of the threat. They would mistake it as a criminal activity and do not undertake the right strategy that would help them fight these groups. Because of these special characteristics of terrorist activities, terrorism has become a popular and effective way of conflict for people who have kept extreme goals before them. No other strategy can make a minority achieve a special territory. Terrorism is the method of use of force adopted by the extremist groups around the globe. However, terrorism is certainly a nebulous strategy. Even the United States government is perplexed when it comes to the matter of terrorism. Recently, multiple attacks aimed at US have been thwarted by the authorities in different countries. Two explosive packages addressed to Chicago-area synagogues have been captured. The plot brings doubt that al-Qaida is launching yet another terrorist attack on US. The US President called the attacks a credible terrorist threat. The US policy of using force, however, is less effective in checking ter rorism. As per the U.S. Commission on Civil Rights, law enforcement officers are legally entitled to use force. According to The International Association of Chiefs of Police (IACP), there are five different components in using force: physical, electronic, chemical, impact and firearm. Terrorist attacks are also of different types. First is the type of attack that involves usage of weapons with mass destruction. Next is the kind of terrorist activity that includes weapons of extensive causality. Next type of terrorist activity involves weapons that give mass disruption. Different types of terrorist activities show different types of terrorist intentions. Weapons of mass destruction used by terrorists brings damage on buildings, bridges, cultural places, computer systems, networks, parks and other communication facilities. Such attacks would destroy the major structures of the society. Weapon of mass casualty brings extensive sicknesses and deaths. For example chemical and biological weapons bring mass causality. These types of weapons are termed as weapons of mass (extensive) destruction. These weapons cause economic, political and social damage to the society that is targeted. Moreover there are magnetic pulse weapons that are intended to destroy computer operation. Cyber terrorism makes the computer hacked thereby destroying major government records and economic records (bank records). Agro terrorism is the act of blocking or destroying food supplies, fuel supplies and other major supplies. Terrorist activities include weapons that can achieve all the works that are targeted towards the people. September 11 attack was one of that kind. The attack brought mass destruction of a major infrastructure of the nation (the World Trade Centre and Pentagon). It further brought about mass causality; almost 3000 people were killed. It also made mass disruption. Loss of finance (millions of dollars) because of the absence of World Trade Centre) was one such destruction. Fear of future attack, shutdown

Arizona Immigration Law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Arizona Immigration Law - Essay Example â€Å"Gov. Jan Brewer of Arizona signed the nation’s toughest bill on illegal immigration into law in April 2010. Its aim is to identify, prosecute and deport illegal immigrants† (Archibold). Even though, the above bill got some support in Arizona and some other parts of America, many of the prominent political leaders including President Obama and scholars slammed Arizona’s decision to implement such a bill in its territory. Many others expressed their doubts about the legal validity of such a bill considering the fact that America is a federal republic. I strongly believe that Arizona immigration bill is totally against the constitution of America and this paper argues against it. America is currently facing huge manpower shortage in almost the entire segments of the professional world or employment segments. In fact President Obama is trying hard to regulate or prohibit outsourcing jobs. He knows very well that American organizations outsource its jobs to chea p labor markets in order to reduce their expenses. In America, availability of skilled labor is extremely low and therefore it is highly expensive. In fact, illegal immigrants are ready to work on cheaper rates, which is a blessing to the American organizations, especially to the small and medium scale industries. California is one state in which small and medium scale industry is completely dependent on illegal immigrants who are ready to work on cheaper rates. Because of that California is able to compete effectively in the market by reducing the price of their products and services. Arizona is going to suffer heavily because of the crackdown of illegal immigrants and subsequent underdevelopment in small and medium scale industries. Small and medium scale industries are actually controlling the economy of a state and any problems created in this sector may adversely affect the state in the long run. In short, Arizona is going to lose millions of dollars in its revenue as a result of this controversial immigration law. This law creates a suspect class, based in part on ethnicity, considered guilty until they prove themselves innocent. It makes it harder for illegal immigrants to live without scrutiny -- but it also makes it harder for some American citizens to live without suspicion and humiliation. Americans are not accustomed to the command 'Your papers, please,' however politely delivered (Arizona's Hard Line on Immigration: Pros and Cons) One of the surprising things about this controversial bill is the decision of American Supreme Court. â€Å"The Supreme Court gave a big boost to proponents of stricter state laws against illegal immigration by upholding Arizona's "business death penalty" for employers who repeatedly hire undocumented workers† (Savage). In other words, Supreme Court upheld the decision of Arizona to punish the employers who employ illegal immigrants. Even though three of the total eight members in the jury gave their verdict again st the law, majority of the jury supported the law and allowed Arizona to implement it without any reconsideration. â€Å"The court's majority opinion, written by its chief justice, John Roberts, rejected arguments by business and civil rights groups and the Obama administration that the Arizona law conflicted with federal immigration law and must be struck down† (Arizona immigration law upheld by supreme court). Supreme Court also upheld the right of a state in passing such a controversial law. In my opinion, Supreme Court failed to

Placement report Essay Example for Free

Placement report Essay N.V. Elmar (Naamloze Vennootschap Electriciteit-Maatschappij Aruba) is in charge of providing electricity in Aruba. Formerly, the company’s name is N.V. ELECTRA founded by Mr. John G. Eman in 1950. After his death, his wife Mrs. F. van der Biest-Eman took over his place and continued the company’s operation. In November 9, 1950, N.V. ELECTRA discusses with Parliament the dealings of providing electricity in Aruba at the public’s interest. Under this discourse, the company had experienced several issues. ELECTRA then becomes a government property after the approving the proposal. Within the proposal, the company specifies itself to be under the control of OGEM N.V. located at the city of Rotterdam, Holland. Its first operation in November 15, 1950, N.V. Elmar has the capacity of 3000 KW with three diesel engines and eventually increased in 1958 buying a power station with a capacity of 15,000 KW. However, in 1982, OGEM experienced bankruptcy and decided to sell its shares of N.V. Elmar to Utilities Aruba N.V. owned by the government. Now, the company proudly states of its financial stability and management under the limits of concession (elmar.aw, 2004). Now, Elmar has a number of 163 employees and approximately 33,000 consumers on the island of Aruba. Island of Aruba   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Serviced by the N.V. Elmar, Aruba is a Carribean island 24 km west coast of Venezuela. Of the three Dutch Islands, Aruba is the smallest having an area of 194 km2 with eight regions, namely, Noord / Tanki Leendert, Oranjestad (West), Oranjestad (East), Paradera, Santa Cruz, Savaneta, Sint Nicolas (North) and Sint Nicolas (South). The official language used is Dutch, particularly in education, mass media and civil service. Another language, is Papiamento, second to English as the main language in the island. The population also speaks of Spanish, a prevalent language in upper grades of primary schools (Elmar, 2006). Role in the Company   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Because I hold a position in the Human Resources Department, most of my concerns are on employee benefits, recruitment and other employee related issue. Six months in N.V. Elmar has undoubtedly reached my capacity as an employee in the Human Resources Department. Two of their projects for employees, health and wellness program and monetary rewards will be discussed as the main concept of this report. Methodology Research Design   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Elmar, like any other company, has major concerns on their employees. To address, this, the company initiated a corporate Health and Wellness program. In this program, the awareness of employees on health related issues and quality of life are substantially relayed. The company has outlined the procedures by giving employees education and promotion on health programs, and orientation and coordination of health assistance. Primarily, it is important to know what the general health status in the island is. Some of the researches made convey of obesity as the primary contributor to life-limiting illnesses in Aruba. The reasons for a high rate in the island are the decreased deprivation of food and a sedentary lifestyle. Aruba is a developed country and in most studies, countries in this state have high incidences of obesity especially on families with lower household income. Often, the quality of food is overlooked wherein buying foods high in calorie and fat is rampant. In a survey conducted in 1991-1992, 67% of the Aruba population is overweight. Moreover, this finding affects both sexes. Next study was conducted in 1995 to 1996 showing the nutritional state of first up to fifth grade overweight. Approximately, 13.4 to 14% of the first graders are overweight and 26.1 to 29.4% of the fifth graders experience obesity. A more recent study in 2004 by Dr. Richard Visser stated that of the 367 children studied, 133 were obese, the number of underweight children is 18, and the remaining 216 were healthy. Significantly, Visser found out that one factor of the growing population concerning obesity in oner population is the unawareness and disregard as a public concern. Hence, attention such treatment and proper education about being obese is insufficient.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Monetary and Non-Monetary rewards are essential for performance improvement of employees. Though we may see that vision, mission, and goals would be enough motivating entities in employee performance, still, these direct costs will provide a meaningful and prosperous stay in the company. In the monetary rewards, as the name implies, more of salary additions are being worked upon while the non-monetary rewards focus on recognizing the employee capability on work and other areas. Elmar Company has an incentives and rewards system, wherein it compensates, reinforces, and encourage enhancement of employee duties. In these types, providing incentives and rewards may focus on team or individual distribution. Moreover, the essentiality of these programs for employee performance, will direct work efforts in advantage to the mission, vision and goals of the company. Incentives and rewards are given to teams, organizations, or individuals in the company that exceed the company’s expectations. Procedures   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Elmar company has outlined its goals and objectives in preparing the health and wellness programs. In this way, the company will properly monitor how the program is advancing towards the organization’s benefits. The company’s concern for its employees marks the unity of the two in a system of social relations. Upon noting the principles held by the company in this program, the statement now implies that there is the importance for maintenance, prevention, and promotion of health status of employees.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The vision of the company in pursuing this project is to develop an advanced and efficient program for the health and wellness of the company. Conceptual perceptions about this vision are: Corporate health and wellness means work with the employees of Elmar. Corporate health and wellness underlines the positive dimensions of health. Corporate health and wellness has to involve different groups, organizations and institutions.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Subsequently, the company has marked the strategic and operational objectives for this program. Strategic objectives cover the expected results upon reinforcement of the program while the operational objective sees how the actual procedure must perform on the employees. The following are the strategic objectives: To reduce medical costs and disability costs: many companies have found that they can significantly reduce the cost of employee health care benefits by proactively promoting health, safety and wellness. To reduce absenteeism: numerous studies have found that employee wellness programs can significantly reduce employee absenteeism. To enhance productivity: many studies have linked health risks with reduced employee productivity and have found that healthier workers are more productive. To improve general health and well being. (Corporate Health and Wellness Program, 2006: 12) While these are the operational objectives: Structure and develop corporate health and wellness programs and activities according to priorities established. These programs c.q. activities are directed to the individual employee, Elmar as an organization and the community of Aruba. Establish and reinforce collaborative relations with organizations in the community, government, and NGO’s, related to the development of specific projects in corporate health and wellness. Generate an employee data bank related to the risk factors in health and wellness that can be used to generate assistance, prevention and education programs. Develop educational activities for the employees that can reinforce the actions of promotion in corporate health and wellness. (Corporate Health and Wellness Program, 2006: 12).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   To start the program, first, the company must identify which are the employee needs prior to implementing operational objectives. In order to have an appropriate amount of data, the company will have to conduct as survey amongst its employees, invite an organization that will manage the physical examination among employees and facilitate education about eating healthy.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The monetary and non-monetary programs will take effect on employee’s performance level. Generally, it enhances the performance to satisfy or exceed the objectives. Examples of Monetary incentives are: Performance awards – monetary incentives that reward employees upon performance that exceeds the expectation of the company. Observation of giving this award is through formal performance ratings of record on the appraisal period. Special act or service awards – one-time awards like lump sum for employees that had done a specific task from performance. Judgment in this kind of award comes from the first line supervisors. Quality Step increases – gives employees faster than normal progression by facilitating stepped rates and a permanent increase in basic pay. Time Off awards – granting employees leave without charging their annual leave. Gain Sharing – a system, wherein both the company and the employee gain improved productivity. In this system, the company measures the productivity of employees, which in turn gives additional income to the company, then, the employees and involved organization will benefit through associated earnings of the company.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Non-monetary incentives may be tangible or incentives that have more bases on rewards like trophies, medals, certificates, and plaques. Moreover, this kind of incentive may take an intangible position, for example, if an employee has exceeded the expectation of the company, the organization may include training opportunities and assignment of employees to a more meaningful, challenging, and prestigious kind of work. Even though these incentives may not have much value directly on budget, some studies have shown that this becomes more important as motivating factors for employee performance. The Report SWOT Analysis   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   SWOT (which stands for strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats) is a type of management observation on the overall performance of an organization. This method is often used on businesses because results can be easily transformed in other business philosophy like Porter’s five forces. Generally, the SWOT analysis has effect on overall evaluation when one factor has a cited defect or disadvantage. The strengths and weaknesses are the internal factors while the external factors are the opportunities and threats (marketingteacher.com, 2007). Strengths The strengths of the health and wellness program are in aspects of giving educational awareness to employees considering health problems, disease prevention, and health status. Hence, employee performance may increase. Moreover, productivity may increase because of reduced absenteeism, medical insurance policies, and cost effective strategies. The strengths of monetary and non-monetary incentives take effect on employee and company relationship. Employees regard much of their work because of these rewards, which in turn will not only increase productivity but also enhance the quality of products and services as well. In addition, if properly examined, is the preservation and maintenance of employees with exceptional skills and abilities. Weaknesses Apparently, the weaknesses of health and wellness programs are the appropriate participation of employees particularly in health awareness programs. The individual may listen to these lectures but do not apply them in real life. One weakness of incentives is on the monetary rewards. Generally, monetary rewards have the â€Å"amounts† in order to make employee performance more successful and productive. However, some employees may look at incentive as the central mark of their performance rather than cling on the vision and mission of the organization. In addition, not all employees may non-monetary rewards as a moral perspective, because some employees may develop envy among their co-workers if abundantly present in most of the incentive policies. Opportunities A big opportunity for health and wellness program is to widen the controlled areas in health provisions such as insurance policies and discounts on medical services. The company may also generate proper motivation of these programs when medical specialists are very much involved with the program. There should always be continuity with this kind of program because health is a very essential to an individual. In monetary incentives and non-monetary incentives, monitoring units for choosing which of the employees will gain the award should have a regard. In this way, proper evaluation of the programs will provide trust to employees that the awardees deserve. Hence, envy will not have its place in the organization. Threats The health and wellness program should look unto costs prevalently diverse in most health programs like medicines, fees of professionals and other related issues on economic changes in effect to medical facilities. One threat in monetary programs is that there may be possibilities of lost on the best employees if monitoring is not properly achieved. Hence, the probability of giving good services and products may have hindrances. Reflection   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   As part of this project, I have noticed the essentiality of the company and employee relationship. Seeing how Elmar valued this social interaction, the severity to serve the company is overwhelming yet incomparable to what I have seen on other organizations. Both the company and its employees are very much interested on the productivity and quality of service. Furthermore, I have seen the social impact of the health and wellness project, as it projects how the society has evolved from a simple unit to a larger unit of the company because it affects the employee performance. Monetary and non-monetary incentives are appropriate sources of motivating employees on the vision and mission of the company but proper attention on the monitoring and evaluation of awardees should be considered, as this could affect trust amongst employees. I think these are apparent objectives after the actual placement: Enhance productivity due to reduced absenteeism and proper well-being. Reduced medical costs because of subsequent education of employees on health related issues. Educational activities for employees in areas like Roll in â€Å"Wit Gele Kruis† for yearly check ups and mini health fair. Monetary Rewards has succeeded in increasing productivity. Non-monetary rewards have increased company commitment among employees. Conclusion   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Questionnaire results were positive, looking at the overall performance of corporate health and wellness programs. This survey will generally help the family to be aware in eating the right food and proper diet to reduce the medical costs. The mini survey has given positive results and future benefits to most employees. On the other hand, monetary and non-monetary incentives will help in motivating employees of their performance level and commitment to the company. There is also a great probability of preserving and acquiring employees with exceptional talents and skills. Bibliography N.V. Elmar. â€Å"About Us.† 2004 29 January 2008 http://www.elmar.aw/info/content/wp_aboutus.jsp SWOT Analysis. 29 January 2008 http://www.marketingteacher.com/Lessons/lesson_swot.htm

Reply to an Advertisement for an Actor to Play the Character of King Lear :: King Lear Theatre Drama Plays Essays

Reply to an Advertisement for an Actor to Play the Character of King Lear Dear Mr Simon I am writing in reply to your advertisement for an actor to play the character of King Lear in your upcoming production. I have much acting experience and have appeared in many theatre and film performances over the last 40 years. I have previous experience in King Lear, as I starred as King Lear at the New York 'Shakespeare in the park' festival. This production required extreme emotional elements, which I believe I executed with sincerity. My "experienced" appearance closely adheres to Lear's in the play. My 72 years have not yet affected my acting ability, and I must say, it has permitted me to retain the stamina of a younger man. I have thought about what it is you want to see in your production of King Lear. I greatly admire Paul Schofield's performance in the Brook production of King Lear 1962. His portrayal of Lear was angry and unheroic. The audience had no sympathy for Lear in his rage. He was perceived as shamefully boorish when expressing his anger by up-turning tables and implements, and through this performance his madness in Act 3 was deserved. Lear's tyranny as a father contributes greatly to the lesson he learns by the end of the play. It difficult to decide whether Lear does do wrong as a father. This point, however, is not important when evaluating the play as a whole. Richard Eyre's King Lear of the 1990's did focus more so on Lear as a father, than as a king. The delicate balance of power is seen between fathers and their children, between sisters, and between brothers. In Eyre's film version of the play, symbolism is used to create a deeper understanding of the psychoanalytical reading he attempts to convey. Little colour is seen throughout the production. The key colours are black, white and red. This can be interpreted in many ways. I believe that the black and white is to show the alternation between good and evil, and the red is a symbol of anger, betrayal and of family, who of course are only bound by blood. In the first act Lear paces around the family, who are seated at the table, showing domination over the family. The family dynamics of the play are very apparent. This production has a major focus on the characters and their interaction with each other. Lear is seen in this production, standing on the table yelling and all who were seated have stepped back from him. Eyre has incorporated such items as a crown and whip to show Lear's power.

Computer System

Computer System Introduction & Definitions — Computer is an electronic device that is used to solve various problems according to a set of instructions given to it — A computer is a programmable machine that receives input, stores and manipulates data, and provides output in a useful format Brief History of Computer — The first use of the word â€Å"computer† was recorded in 1613, referring to a person who carried out calculations, or computations, and word continued to be used in that sense until middle of 20th century From end of 19th century onwards though, word began to take on its more familiar meaning, describing a machine that carries out computations — The history of computer development is often referred to in reference to different generations of computing devices — Each generation of computer is characterized by a major technological development that fundamentally changed way computers operate, resulting in increasingly smaller, ch eaper, more powerful and more efficient and reliable devices Computer Generations First Generation (1940-1956 ) — The first computers used vacuum tubes for circuitry and agnetic drums for memory, and were often enormous, taking up entire rooms — They were very expensive to operate and in addition to using a great deal of electricity, generated a lot of heat, which was often the cause of malfunctions — First generation computers relied on machine language, lowest-level programming language understood by computers, to perform operations, and they could only solve one problem at a time Computer Generations First Generation (1940-1956 ) — Input was based on punched cards and paper tape, and output was displayed on printouts The UNIVAC and ENIAC computers are examples of firstgeneration computing devices — The UNIVAC was the first commercial computer delivered to a business client, the U. S. Census Bureau in 1951 Computer Generations Second Generation ( 1956-1963 ) — Transistors replaced vacuum tubes and ushered in the second generation of computers — The transistor was invented in 1947 but did not see widespread use in computers until the late 1950s — The transistor was far superior to the vacuum tube, allowing computers to become smaller, faster, cheaper, more energyefficient and more reliable than their first-generation predecessors Though the transistor still generated a great deal of heat that subjected the computer to damage, it was a vast improvement over the vacuum tube Computer Generations Second Generation (1956-1963 ) — Second-generation computers still relied on punched cards for input and printouts for output — Second-generation computers moved from cryptic binary machine language to symbolic, or assembly, languages, which allowed programmers to specify instructions in words — High-level programming languages were also being developed at this time, such as early versions of COB OL and FORTRAN These were also the first computers that stored their instructions in their memory, which moved from a magnetic drum to magnetic core technology. Computer Generations Third Generation (1964 -1971) — The development of the integrated circuit was the hallmark of the third generation of computers — Transistors were miniaturized and placed on silicon chips, called semiconductors, which drastically increased the speed and efficiency of computers — Instead of punched cards and printouts, users interacted with third generation computers through keyboards and monitors and interfaced with an operating system which allowed the device to run many different applications at one time with a central program that monitored the memory — Computers for the first time became accessible to a mass audience because they were smaller and cheaper than their predecessors. Computer Generations Fourth Generation (1971-Present) — The microprocessor brought fourt h generation of computers, as thousands of integrated circuits were built onto a single silicon chip — What in the first generation filled an entire room could now fit in the palm of the hand. — The Intel 4004 chip, developed in 1971, located all the components of the computer from the central processing nit and memory to input/output controls on a single chip — In 1981 IBM introduced its first computer for the home user, and in 1984 Apple introduced the Macintosh Computer Generations Fourth Generation (1971-Present) — Microprocessors also moved out of the realm of desktop computers and into many areas of life as more and more everyday products began to use microprocessors. — As these small computers became more powerful, they could be linked together to form networks, which eventually led to the development of the Internet — Fourth generation computers also saw the development of GUIs, the mouse and handheld devicesComputer Generations â₠¬â€ Fifth Generation (Present and Beyond ) — Fifth generation computing devices, based on artificial intelligence, are still in development, though there are some applications, such as voice recognition, that are being used today — The use of parallel processing and superconductors is helping to make artificial intelligence a reality — Quantum computation and molecular and nanotechnology will radically change the face of computers in years to come — The goal of fifth-generation computing is to develop devices that respond to natural language input and are capable of learning and self-organizationClassification & Types of Computer — Supercomputer s†¦ are used to process very large amounts of information including processing information to predict hurricanes, satellite images and navigation, and process military war scenarios Classification & Types of Computer — Mainframes †¦ are used by government and businesses to process very lar ge amounts of information Classification & Types of Computer — Mini -Computers†¦ are similar to mainframes†¦ they are used by business and government to process large amounts of information Classification & Types of Computer — Personal Computers (PC) — — — — — are smaller and less owerful than the others. They are used in homes, schools, and small businesses. There are 3 main types of PCs Desktop Portable (Notebook/Laptop) Hand -Held ( Mobile devices/ cellphone, PDAs) Classification & Types of Computer Desktop Classification & Types of Computer Portable Classification & Types of Computer Hand -Held Computer Hardware — These are physical parts of computer — These are things that can be seen & touched — System unit, Mouse, Keyboard, Monitor Computer Software — A set of computer instructions given to computer to solve problems — Stored inside computer memory — Can not be touched or seen

Love is Greater than Hate (Tale of Two Cities)

In Charles Dickens’ novel, A Tale of Two Cities, he illustrates the constant battle between love and hate. This battle is never-ending, but in the novel, I believe that love won, and that love is greater than hate. Love is displayed as love for family and friends, while hate is displayed as hate for the aristocrats and revenge. Lucie, a young girl who never met her father, grows into a strong woman and her love for her family is evident. Her love even saved her father from his despair. Miss Pross has love for Lucie, affectionately called Ladybird, and cares for her and her daughter, little Lucie, with her life.However, there is also hate. Madame Defarge hates the aristocrats, mostly the Evremondes, and will go to any length to see them suffer. Sydney Carton hates everyone and hates life in general. Can love overpower these emotions; will love prove it is greater? In Dickens’ novel, it did. Lucie loves her father, from the day they first meet, it is obvious, and the sent iment is soon shared by her father. After living a life of hatred and despair for 18 years, Lucie brings Doctor Manette love.The first glimpse we see of this love that will save Doctor Manette from himself is when Dickens writes, â€Å"His cold white hair mingled with her radiant hair, which warmed and lighted it as though it were the light of Freedom shining on him. † (Dickens, pg. 50). After being with his daughter for awhile, her love freed him from his sufferings and brought him back to the man he used to be. The love that Lucie was able to give him, gave him the strength he needed to overcome the hatred that held him prisoner inside the Bastille for so long.But even then, there were times when he relapsed into his old habits from prison. However, Lucie was the one who could bring him back from that despair and hatred with her love. As Miss Pross remarks, â€Å"In silence they go walking up and down together, walking up and down together, until her love and company have brought him to himself. † (Dickens, pg. 103). This just goes to prove how strong love is and how it is greater than hate. Doctor Manette went through a great ordeal of pain and suffering during his 18 years of imprisonment.He held a hatred for the Evremondes because they are the ones who put him in prison after he tried to condemn them for their unlawful actions towards the peasants. Doctor Manette writes in his letter, â€Å"Them and their descendents, to the very last of their race, I Alexandre Manette, unhappy prisoner, do this very last night of the year 1767, in my unbearable agony, denounce to the times when all these things shall be answered for, I denounce them to Heaven and to earth. † (Dickens, pg. 342).When he is recalled to life by his daughter Lucie, he forgets these troubles and is able to live a happy life. When Lucie falls in love with Charles Darnay, an Evremonde, Doctor Manette’s old pain, hatred, and suffering arises. We see this illustrated wh en Dickens writes, â€Å"In a very curious look at Darnay: an intent look, deepening into a frown of dislike and distrust, not even unmixed with fear. † (Dickens, pg. 86). However, in chapter 10 of Book 2 entitled, Two Promises, Charles Darnay admits to Doctor Manette that he loves his daughter, Lucie.To this, Doctor Manette exhibits that same dark look, but then turns to Darnay and says, â€Å"If she should ever tell me that you are essential to her perfect happiness, I will give her to you. If there were  ¬Ã¢â‚¬â€œ Charles Darnay, if there were (†¦) – any fancies, any reasons, any apprehensions, anything whatsoever, new or old, against the man she really loved – the direct responsibility thereof not lying on his head – they should all be obliterated for her sake. She is everything to me; more to me than suffering, more to me than wrong (†¦)† (Dickens, pg.142).Even with the history of the Evremondes haunting him every time he looks at Darnay, he is willing to put it all aside for Lucie, because he loves her so strongly. This is an excellent example of how love trumps hate. As an example of the battle of love and hate, one could take Miss Pross as being the personification of love and Madame Defarge as being the personification of hate. Miss Pross has been serving Lucie since she was a young girl and has therefore fallen in love with the young woman.She will do anything for her and treats Lucie as if she were her own daughter. When Lucie has a little girl, Miss Pross cares for her the same way, with ample love and compassion. In one of the scenes in the novel, we are given a glimpse of the love Miss Pross has for Lucie. Dickens writes, â€Å"Smoothing her rich hair with as much pride as she could possible have taken in her own hair if she had been the vainest and handsomest of women. † (Dickens, pg. 104). Madame Defarge, on the other hand, shows no compassion to anyone.She hates all the aristocrats, but mos t of all, the Evremondes. This is for the same reason as Doctor Manette, because the peasants that were abused by the family were her family, and they died at the hands of the Evremondes. She has let this blind hatred lead her life and fuel her anger most of her life. We can see her hatred when she is knotting the coins in the cloth at the wine-shop, â€Å"She tied a knot with flashing eyes, as if it throttled a foe (†¦) as if it were another enemy strangled. † (Dickens, pg. 185, 186).On the day of Charles Darnay’s execution, Madame Defarge goes to find Lucie, Doctor Manette and little Lucie to condemn them to death also. Instead, she finds only Miss Pross. Thus begins the largest battle of love and hate in the novel. Madame Defarge is determined, and armed, but Miss Pross is filled with the strength of love and loyalty. As they fight, Dickens describes Miss Pross’ strength by writing, â€Å"Miss Pross, with the vigorous tenacity of love, always so much st ronger than hate (†¦) held her round the waist, and clung to her with more than the hold of a drowning woman.† (Dickens, pg. 379).After they struggle for a while, Madame Defarge tries to pull her gun out, but it works against her and suddenly Miss Pross is struggling with a dead body. Love has triumphed over hate in the truest sense as hate dies and love lives on. Sydney Carton’s character is introduced as a brilliant man who is bitter and depressed. He tells Darnay the first time they meet, â€Å"I am a disappointed drudge, sir. I care for no man on earth and no man on earth cares for me. † (Dickens, pg. 90).He also admits to himself in that same passage that he hates Darnay, because he has all that Carton will never have, he is the man Carton will never be. Later on in the book, Carton tells Lucie that he loves her, but is glad that she will never love him, and then he says, â€Å"If my career were of that better kind and there were an opportunity or capa city of sacrifice in it, I would embrace any sacrifice for you and those dear to you (†¦) think now and then that there is a man who would give his life, to keep a life you love beside you! † (Dickens, pg.159).This shows that even though Carton has hate for life, he may still show love, but yet none of the two emotions has surpassed the other, until he fulfils his promise to Lucie. When Darnay is sentenced to death by guillotine, Carton sneaks in and takes his place. He sacrifices his life to give Lucie back her husband, to give her back the man that Carton never liked, even hated. The power of love surpassed that of the emotions of hate that Carton has towards Darnay, his love for a woman who will never love him back led his actions.Even at the guillotine, we see the power of love overcoming hate as Carton helps a young seamstress overcome her fears of dying and gave her love before she died. This love was returned to Carton and gave him strength when he went up to die. His face when he died was, â€Å"The peacefullest man’s face ever beheld there. † (Dickens, pg. 385). This further demonstrates that love can, and will always, be greater than hate. Love is by far greater than hate. Love can save, love can heal, and love can grow.Hate is destructive, and that’s its weakness, it has no grasp on people when love is present because love can rebuild all that hate has torn down. In Dickens novel, he gives plenty of proof to show just how powerful love is, and that even if, like Carton, we feel there is no love present, there is, and eventually we will see it. In his novel, we also see that even if hatred has claimed a person for so long, such as Doctor Manette, they can be saved with love.

Difference Between Marvel and DC Comics

Difference Between Marvel and DC Comics DC vs Marvel Comic Many fans wonder what studio creates best comic books. In an opposition DC vs Marvel comic, who would be the winner? Which stories are more appealing to the public? Our article will help you understand the main differences between comics of two studios and answer the question: which is better Marvel or DC? Huge Differences Between Marvel and DC Comics #1. Origin of characters Most of Marvel books heroes of are originally ordinary people without super powers, who gained them under specific conditions (For-example, Iron Man, Capitan America, etc.). At the same time, DC heroes are can boast having their extraordinary abilities sine the time they were born (e.g. Wonder Woman, Superman). #2. Superpowers If to compare superpowers of heroes in DC comics vs Marvel comics, one can notice that the creators of Marvel books were not so generous in enduing their characters with force compared to DC writers. Most of Marvel characters possess one ability (like most of X-men), compared to flying, eye-beams shooting, speed and strength all given to one Superman. #3. Time of creation One more difference between Marvel and DC characters is that the latter were created much earlier in 30s and 40s. This is the reason why some of the Marvel characters have names, which reecho the names of DC heroes. For example, Iron Man vs Batman, Invisible Woman vs Wonder Woman, etc. Moreover, it is also a reason why most of DC comic books told about a single hero without putting him in a team. They had to present a hero to the world before making him a part of some superhero alliance. #4. Marvel vs DC comic: Who brings more magic? Except for such characters as Dr. Strange, Mephisto, and a couple of others, Marvel heroes do not often face magic in their fight against evil. On the other hand, we have DC comics where Justice League members with something mystical and magical. So, if you are a fan of magic and mythology, you are going to like DC stories more. #5. Fantasy, sci-fi, mystery in DC vs science fiction in Marvel If you still wonder Marvel or DC which is better? Just think about what you like most: science fiction stories with an interesting, however, a bit grounded plot or stories full of out-there things? If we forget for just a second that comics are based on made up events, heroes and villains, the weirdest staff you can find in Marvel books is a dragon as a result of a crazy experiment. At the same time, DC comic books are full of things like alien invasion, issues with Atlantis, Amazons and sorcerers, demons, members of Injustice Gang, time travelling, and even transportations between comic universes. #6. The quality of movies Speaking about and comparing DC vs Marvel comic, many fans stress the quality of movies based on the graphic novels. It is not a secret that Marvel movies are more popular among comic fans due to the fact that the movie makers managed to create memorable, interesting and bright characters who are liked by the public. A bit of heroism, a bit of seriousness, few drops of humor and we have what we call a good movie. In contrast, the films of DC studio can be characterized as too serious and sometimes even too noir (Watchmen). It can be suggested that the viewers are not always ready to something too deep and too philosophical in relation to comics. May be it is the reason why DC films have 47% average rate on Rotten Tomatoes. #7. Teamwork The other difference between DC comics vs Marvel comics characters is that many characters of Marvel were created as team players. It can be said about the X-men, Avengers, etc. At the same time, characters of DC were presented in 40s as separate units who never played in team. Many people can say that making teams is not always a good choice as less attention is paid to each particular character. Their responsibilities in a crew have to be divided between all its members. Lets say that one is a scientist, the other one is a technician, etc. However, such heroes as, for example, Batman can do all the staff on his own, which helps concentrate attention on one character and present him in more details. Nevertheless, creating teams in their fight against enemies is common to both studios (For example, Marvels Avengers and DCs Justice League). #8. Powers of Marvel characters are easier to explain We have already mentioned that Marvel characters have less powers, which are easier to explain compared to DC heroes. For example, Cyclopes shoots beams of energy out of his eyes, while Superman can fly, turn back time, has eye-rays, fast, superstring, etc. Iron Man is a genius inventor and scientist, who developed his robot-suit, while Batman is a scientist, ninja, detective, fast driver, technician among others. #9. Real and fictional location Every hero has its own city to protect. However, while Marvel superheroes usually protect real cities, DC characters tend to fight in fictional locations. Nevertheless, regardless of the fact that Gotham City cannot be found on any map in this world, it is not difficult to suggest that it is a prototype of a modern New York. This parallel is drawn considering that both studios are located in NY, which is sometimes too obvious. #10. Office hours Opposition Marvel vs DC comics is visible not only in books but also within the facilities of both studios. They differ not only in terms of heroes and their superpowers but also in terms of productivity of both teams. For comparison, DC issues 4 to 8 series per month, while Marvel creates up to 15!

Effective dose of atropine Essays

Effective dose of atropine Essays Effective dose of atropine Essay Effective dose of atropine Essay The treatment will try to depict the undermentioned subjects of phase2 and phase3. Effective dosage of Atropine, selective dosage Atropine, Atropine and B16, effectual dosage of Chlorphenamine. , selective dosage of Chlorphenamine, Chlophenamine and B16, Mimicry of B16, Digestion by pseudo-cholinesterase on B16, protection by Neostigmine of B16, and potentiation of B16. The receptor selectivity and the clinical utilizations of the drugs involved will be briefly mentioned. Acetylcholine is an acetic acid ester of choline. It s a neurotransmitter that acts on cholinergic synapses to propagate nervus urges. It has high and equal authority for muscurinic and nicotinic receptors. It is besides extremely susceptible to breakdown by cholinesterase. ( Sb1035 Dr E Gaskell Lecture notes on ANS ) Methacholine is a man-made choline ester that has a high authority for muscurinic receptors, and a low authority for nicotinic receptors. It is non broken down by Pseudo-cholinesterase, and is easy broken down by acetyl-cholinesterase. It s used in lung map trials to find if a patient has Asthma, it causes brochospasm to happen. ( http: //www.drugs.com/cdi/methacholine-solution.html ) Carbachol is agonist of the muscurinic and nicotinic receptors, but is more powerful on nicotinic curates. It is non broken down by Cholinesterase. Its clinical application includes the intervention of Glaucoma. It causes contraction of round musculus in the oculus taking to an addition in end product of aqueous temper. ( Sb1035 Dr E Gaskell Lecture notes on ANS ) Atropine is alkaloid which is obtained from the works Atropa deadly nightshade ( lifelessly nightshade ) blocks cholinergic receptors. Its clinical utilizations involve dilation of the student of the oculus, during oculus scrutinies. Chlorphenamine is an antihistamine it blocks histamine receptors. It clinical utilizations involve the intervention of allergic reactions, such as itchiness. ( Robert M. Youngson, 1999, Collins lexicon of medical specialty, Glasgow, Hapercollins ) Neostigmine is a reversible cholinesterase inhibitor. As it interferes with the dislocation of Acetylcholine is prolongs the consequence of it. Its clinical usage includes the addition in the musculus tone of people with Myasthenia Gravis. ( Robert M. Youngson, 1999, Collins lexicon of medical specialty, Glasgow, Hapercollins ) 1.1 Effective dosage of atropine The purpose of the first experiment was to find the effectual dosage of Atropine. Three doses of atropine were titrated with Acetylcholine. These were Lower 110-8M, average 110-7M, and higher 110-8M. The consequences from figure 1.1 show that the medium dose 110-7M was the most effectual dosage, as it caused a displacement of the log-dose curve to the right diminishing its authority. Besides this dosage did non impact the Emax significantly. The Emax was shown to be 94 % ( for Acetylcholine with Atropine dose 110-7M. ) The authority was found to diminish from 1.310-7M for Acetylcholine without Atropine ( at clip 0 ) , to 2.610-5M for Acetylcholine with Atropine dose 110-7M. The smaller dosage had an consequence in diminishing authority ( 1.810-6M ) , but a larger Emax was produced 143 % . The higher dosage caused Acetylcholine non to react to do a contraction in the Guinea hog ileum. Using the higher dosage of Atropine gave an Emax of 0, and an Ed50 of 0. This meant that the dosage o f Atropine was excessively high to move as a competitory inhibitor, and hence irreversible suppression had taken topographic point. ( SB2040 mini undertaking slides. September 2009 ) 1.2 Selective dose Atropine. The purpose of this experiment was to find if the effectual dosage of Atropine is besides a selective dosage. As the effectual dosage of Atropine has been established to be 110-7M, it is critical that the effectual dosage is selective for muscurinic receptors. This was done by utilizing the autocoid agonist Histamine. Histamine binds to H1, H2, H3, and H4 receptors, non muscurinic receptors. A selective dosage of Atropine should non diminish the authority of Histamine. The consequences from figure 1.2 show that Histamine with and without antagonist Atropine have close Emax and ED50 values. The Emax for Histamine at clip 0 gave an Emax of 100 % and an ED50 of 310-6M. The Emax for Histamine and Atropine ( 110-7M ) was found to be 103 % , and the Ed50 was found to be 7.510-6M. The Emax for Histamine repetition was found to be 88 % , and the Ed50 obtained was 2.310-6M. Even though there is a little lessening in authority for Histamine with Atropine, this difference is little, and hence c an non be important. The consequences display that the chosen dosage of Atropine 110-7M is an effectual and selective dosage for cholinergic receptors. That Atropine did non affect Histamine activity. ( SB2040 mini undertaking slides. September 2009 ) 1.3 Atropine and B16. The purpose of this experiment was to find what the effectual and selective dosage of Atropine ( 110-7M ) had on the unknown drug B16. Figure 1.3 shows that atropine had a important consequence on the authority of B16, with little alterations in Emax. The Emax of B16 entirely at clip 0, and clip 25 of the experiment was 100 % , and 79 % severally. The Ed50 for B16 entirely at clip 0, and clip 25 was 2.210-7M and 4.510-7M severally. The little alterations may be due to weave desensitisation, and due to the high affinity of Atropine. ( Meaning after washouts Atropine is still present ) Two B16 with Atropine cumulative log dosage responses were performed, at clip 10 and besides clip 15. The Emax and ED50 for B16 with Atropine at 10 proceedingss were 80 % , and 2.510-5M. For B16 with Atropine at 15 proceedingss the Emax and ED50 were 89 % and 2.010-5M. A important decrease in the authority can be seen from B16 entirely 2.210-7M to B16 with Atropine 2.0-2.510-5M. This implies competitory hostility was taking topographic point. This means that Atropine was barricading Cholinergic receptors, which B16 acts on. Hence it may be deduced that B16 is a cholinergic agonist, and it possibly Acetylcholine, Methacholine, or Carbachol. ( SB2040 mini undertaking slides. September 2009 ) 2.1 Effective dosage of Chlorphenamine. The purpose experiment 2.1 was to find an effectual dosage of Chlorphenamine. Chlorphenamine is an adversary of Histamine receptors. An effectual dosage is a dosage which will cut down the authority of Histamine ; nevertheless the same dosage should non impact the Emax of Histamine. Three doses of Chlorphenamine were tried out 110-7M ( high dosage ) , 110-8M ( medium dosage ) , and 110-9M ( low dosage ) . The consequences from figure 2.1 show. Histamine without adversary at clip 0 showed an Emax of 100 % and ED50 of 9.510-7M. Histamine with Chlorphenamine dose 110-9M produced an Emax of 150 % , and an ED50 of 2.110-6M. This shows that with the lower dosage of the adversary the efficaciousness is increased, and the authority is decreased. The medium dosage of adversary gave an Emax value of 107 % , and an ED50 value of 710-6M. This shows a important lessening in authority, and a similar Emax value compared to Histamine entirely ( at clip 0. ) The higher dosage of Chlorphenamine displa yed an Emax of 0, and a authority of 0 intending irreversible hostility has taken topographic point. Over all it can be seen that the most effectual dosage is 110-8M, because the Emax has non changed significantly, and the authority has been reduced. The log dosage curve has been shifted to the right manus side. ( SB2040 mini undertaking slides. September 2009 ) 2.2 Selective dosage of Chlorphenamine, The consequences from figure 2.2 show that Acetylcholine at clip 0 gave an Emax value of 100 % , and the authority calculated to be 1.910-7M. Acetylcholine with 1.910-7M of Chlorphenamine displayed an Emax of 107 % , and a authority of 1.110-7M. The consequences display that there is no important alterations in Emax or authority with the adversary. Overall it can be seen the dosage selected is effectual and selective for Histamine receptors. ( SB2040 mini undertaking slides. September 2009 ) 2.3 Effective and selective dosage of Chlorphenamine on B16. The purpose of experiment 2.3 was to measure if the effectual and selective dosage for Chlorphenamine was capable to competitively antagonize the unknown drug B16. The consequences from figure 2.3 shows three log dose responses as follows. B16 entirely at clip 0, B16 and chlorphenamine 110-8M, and B16 at clip 25. The consequences display the Emax`s as 88 % , 100 % and 89 % severally, and the ED50 values are 2.2 x10-6M, 1.010-5M, and 7.010-6M severally. From the consequences it can be demonstrated that the effectual and selective dosage of Chlorphenamine did non hold any important consequence on the drug B16. This means shows that B16 is non moving on the autocoid receptor H1. This besides confirms the earlier determination that B16 is a muscurinic agonist. ( SB2040 mini undertaking slides. September 2009 ) 3.1 Mimicry of B16 with other muscurinic agonists. The intent of the apery was to detect for other muscurinic agonists and to look for similar efficaciousness and authority values of that of unknown drug B16. B16 gave an Emax value of 100 % , and an ED50 value of 2.010-7M. This was similar to the values for Acetylcholine, and Methacholine. Acetylcholine gave an Emax value of 90, and ED50 value of 1.810-7M. Methylcholine gave an Emax value of 88 % , and an ED50 value of 1.810-7M. Carbachol gave a higher authority value of 1.010-7M, and a significantly lower Emax of 70 % . One account for Carbachol is that it acts more powerfully on nicotinic receptors, than muscurinic receptors. The tissue may incorporate less nicotinic receptors than muscurinic receptors ensuing in a lower Emax. B16 resembles the same authority and efficaciousness values as Acetycholine, and Methacholine. ( SB2040 mini undertaking slides. September 2009 ) 4.1 Digestion by pseudo-cholinesterase/ 4.2 Protection by Neostigmine. The consequences for Acetylcholine show that Acetylcholine by itself displayed a 100 % response. Acetylcholine with pseudo-esterase gave a 0 % response. The add-on of Acetycholine, esterase, and neostigmine gave a 96 % response, and the duplicability of Acetycholine was 78 % . This indicates that Acetycholine is capable to be digested by Pseudo-Cholinesterase from the Equus caballus s blood, and besides is protected from digestion by Neostigmine. The consequences for Methacholine show that Methacholine with pseudo-esterase and Neostigmine gave a maximal response of 100 % . Methacholine with esterase gave similar gave a response of 53 % . This is similar to Methacholine at clip 0, ( 41 % ) , and besides the duplicability curve for Methacholine 36 % . The consequences indicate that Methacholine is non capable to digestion, and that the add-on of Neostigmine has resulted in a heightened response. It may be possible that a important sum of esterase is already present, therefore cut downing the maximal possible response ab initio. There are two types of esterase Acetycholinesterase, found in synapses, and pseudocholinesterase found in the blood. Methacholine is easy broken down by Acetylcholinesterase, and is non affected by pseudo-cholinesterase. The add-on of Neostigmine has seemed to offer protection from the former, taking to a greater response of Methacholine. Brody ( 1998 ) / hypertext transfer protocol: //www.circ.ahajourna ls.org/cgi/content/full/94/6/1197 # top The consequences for Carbachol show that Carbachol, pseudo-esterase and Neostigmine gave a maximal response of 100 % . Carbachol with blood esterase gave a response of 60 % . This is near to the Carbachol at clip 0 ( 46 % ) , and Carbachol duplicability ( 70 % ) . These consequences are an anomalousness because Carbachol is non digested by both types of cholinesterase. ( Sb1035 Dr E Gaskell Lecture notes on ANS ) One account possibly is that a important sum of Acetylcholine possibly be already being released by the tissue, therefore a heightened response is seen with the add-on of Neostigmine. The consequences for B16 show that B16, esterase, and Neostigmine, gave a maximal response of 100 % . It shows that the effects of B16 are being potentiated by Neostigmine. This consequence is similar to that of Carbachol, and Methacholine. The responses of B16 at clip 0, B16 with blood esterase, and for B16 duplicability were 42 % , 36 % , and 44 % . These values bespeaking that B16 is non hydrolyzed by pseudo-cholinesterase. When comparing B16 to Methacholine, and Carbachol it has similar responses to Methacholine more than Carbachol. Overall B16 is non Acetylcholine. It possibly Carbochol, Methacholine or have similar belongingss to them. 4.3 Potentiation The consequences for Carbachol at clip 0 gave an Emax of 108 % and an ED50 of 910-7M. The duplicability curve for Carbachol gave an Emax of 87 % , and an ED50 value of 2.2 x10-6M. Carbachol and Neostigmine, gave a low Emax of 27, and an ED50 of 1.010-6M. The consequences show that the Emax and ED50 have been reduced with the add-on of Neostigmine. Therefore Neostigmine has non potentiated the effects of Carbachol. The Emax for Acetylcholine at clip 0 was 100 % , the ED50 was calculated to be 1.010-5M. The Emax for the duplicability of Acetylcholine was found to be 41 % , and the ED50 2.510-7M. Acetylcholine and Neostigmine displayed an Emax of 70 % , and an ED50 of 3.510-7M. The consequences display that there is some indicant for an addition in authority for Acetylcholine. The Emax of Methacholine at clip 0 and The ED50 were 100 % , and 210-6M severally. For Methacholine Repeat the Emax was 65 % , and the ED50 was 510-7M. For Methacholine with Neostigmine the Emax was found to be 75 % , and the ED50 was found to be 1.210-7M. It can be seen that the potency of Methacholine has increased with the add-on of Neostigmine. The consequences for B16 entirely display an Emax of 100 % , and an ED50 of 5.510-7M. The consequences for B16 repetition display an Emax of 80 % and an ED50 of 810-6M. B16 and Neostigmine displayed an Emax of 60 % , and an ED50 of 2.510-6M. The consequences display that Neostigmine has failed to potentiate B16, similar with Carbachol. ( B2040 mini undertaking slides. September 2009 ) Drumhead The adversary Atropine has worked on B16 by doing competitory suppression. This means that B16 cholinergic agonist, and possibly Acetylcholine, Methacholine, or Carbachol. Chlorphenamine had no counter consequence on B16. Therefore B16 does non move on autocoid H1 receptors, and this determination supports the fact that B16 is a Cholinergic Agonist. B16 has demonstrated to hold similar efficaciousness, and authority values as Acetylcholine, and Methacholine. B16 is non digested by Pseudo-cholinesterase, so is non Acetylcholine. Neostigmine has failed to potentiate B16, like Carbachol. In decision B16 is a parasympathomimetic drug. It could be Carbachol or has similar pharmacological belongingss as Carbachol ; nevertheless farther duplicability trials need to be performed to rebut or back up this. In peculiar the experiments that displayed B16 mimicked Methacholine more than Carbachol need reiterating. Mentions Sb1035 Dr E Gaskell Lecture notes on ANS, Dr P Elliot talk notes on autacoid, and Dr Andy Evans notes on pharmacological medicine. September2009 SB2040 mini undertaking slides. September 2009 hypertext transfer protocol: //www.circ.ahajournals.org/cgi/content/full/94/6/1197 # top ( accessed on 29/11/09 ) www.medicinescomplete.com/mc/martindale/2009/4520-n.htm ( accessed on 29/11/09 ) hypertext transfer protocol: //www.mercksource.org/pp/us/cns/cns_hl_dorlands_split.jsp? pg=/ppdocs/us/common/dorlands/dorland/two/000016969.htm ( accessed on 29/11/09 ) Robert M. Youngson, 1999, Collins lexicon of medical specialty, Glasgow, Hapercollins hypertext transfer protocol: //www.drugs.com/cdi/methacholine-solution.html Accessed ( 30/11/09 ) hypertext transfer protocol: //ajrccm.atsjournals.org/cgi/content/full/161/1/309 Accessed ( 30/11/09 ) Brody ( 1998 ) , Human Pharmacology,3rd edition, America, Mosby, pg106